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A lock of hair could rewrite assumptions about the Inca Empire

A khipu was used to record statistical information, such as taxes, census data and storehouse inventories.
Brooklyn Museum, New York, Gift of Ernest Erickson, 70.177.69 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (Generic)
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Britannica
A khipu was used to record statistical information, such as taxes, census data and storehouse inventories.

The Inca Empire in South America was one of the most powerful pre-Columbian societies. It was known for the architecture of Machu Picchu, an extensive road network and a system of terraces for agriculture. The society also kept records known as khipu, which involved a system of tying knots to encode sophisticated information.

Literacy in this form of writing was assumed to be something that only the highest levels of Inca society could do. But NPR science correspondent Nell Greenfieldboyce shares how a new analysis of a cord made out of human hair may change that assumption.

Curious about science history? Email us at shortwave@npr.org.

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This episode was produced by Rachel Carlson, edited by Rebecca Ramirez and fact-checked by Nell and Tyler Jones. Maggie Luthar was the audio engineer.

Copyright 2025 NPR

Regina G. Barber
Regina G. Barber is Short Wave's Scientist in Residence. She contributes original reporting on STEM and guest hosts the show.
Nell Greenfieldboyce is a NPR science correspondent.
Rachel Carlson
Rachel Carlson (she/her) is a production assistant at Short Wave, NPR's science podcast. She gets to do a bit of everything: researching, sourcing, writing, fact-checking and cutting episodes.
Rebecca Ramirez (she/her) is the founding producer of NPR's daily science podcast, Short Wave. It's a meditation in how to be a Swiss Army Knife, in that it involves a little of everything — background research, finding and booking sources, interviewing guests, writing, cutting the tape, editing, scoring ... you get the idea.
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